GLP-1 & GIP Receptor Agonists (for Weight Loss & Metabolism)

These peptides work by activating glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptors. These hormones are naturally released in response to food intake and play critical roles in regulating blood sugar, appetite, and digestion.

Semaglutide (Ozempic, Wegovy)

• Mechanism of Action: Semaglutide mimics GLP-1, a hormone that enhances insulin secretion, reduces glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, and increases satiety.

• Benefits:

  • Significant weight loss by reducing appetite and food intake.

  • Improved blood sugar control in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

  • Cardiovascular benefits, including reduced risk of heart disease.

• Potential Side Effects:

  • Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea (especially during dose escalation).

  • Risk of pancreatitis in some individuals.

  • Potential thyroid-related concerns (contraindicated in patients with a history of medullary thyroid carcinoma).

Tirzepatide (Mounjaro, Zepbound)

• Mechanism of Action: A dual GLP-1 and GIP receptor agonist, meaning it has an additional effect on the GIP hormone, further enhancing insulin secretion and weight loss potential.

• Benefits:

  • Greater weight loss compared to semaglutide due to its dual-action mechanism.

  • Improved insulin sensitivity and glycemic control.

  • Enhanced fat metabolism and potential reductions in fatty liver disease.

• Potential Side Effects:

  • Similar gastrointestinal effects as semaglutide (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation).

  • Increased risk of low blood sugar when combined with other diabetes medications.

  • Potential for more significant appetite suppression, leading to nutritional deficiencies if not managed properly.

Retatrutide (Next-gen GLP-1/GIP/Glucagon Agonist)

• Mechanism of Action: A triple agonist that activates GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors, making it one of the most potent weight loss peptides available.

• Benefits:

  • Superior weight reduction compared to semaglutide and tirzepatide.

  • Increased energy expenditure by stimulating glucagon pathways.

  • Improved lipid metabolism and potential reductions in cholesterol levels.

• Potential Side Effects:

  • Gastrointestinal discomfort (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation).

  • Potential increase in heart rate and blood pressure.

  • More research is needed to fully understand long-term effects and safety.